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The Hurrian songs are a collection of music inscribed in cuneiform on clay tablets excavated from the ancient Amorite〔Dennis Pardee, "Ugaritic", in ''(The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia )'', edited by Roger D. Woodard, 5–6. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). ISBN 0-521-68498-6, ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9.〕〔Marguerite Yon, "Arrival of Amorite population", in ''("The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra" )'', (N.p.: Eisenbrauns, 2006): 24. ISBN 978-1575060293 (179 pages)〕-Canaanite〔Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998), "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past)〕 city of Ugarit which date to approximately 1400 BC. One of these tablets, which is nearly complete, contains the Hurrian hymn to Nikkal (also known as the Hurrian cult hymn or A Zaluzi to the Gods, or simply h.6), making it the oldest surviving substantially complete work of notated music in the world. While the composers' names of some of the fragmentary pieces are known, h.6 is an anonymous work. ==History== The complete song is one of about 36 such hymns in cuneiform writing, found on fragments of clay tablets excavated in the 1950s from the Royal Palace at Ugarit (present day Ras Shamra, Syria),〔K. Marie Stolba, ''The Development of Western Music: A History'', brief second edition (Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers, 1995), p. 2.; M() L() West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", ''Music and Letters'' 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 171.〕 in a stratum dating from the fourteenth century BC,〔Marcelle Duchesne-Guillemin, "Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite", ''Revue de Musicologie'' 66, no. 1 (1980): 5–26, citation on p. 10.〕 but is the only one surviving in substantially complete form.〔Anne Kilmer, "Mesopotamia §8(ii)", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).〕 An account of the group of shards was first published in 1955 and 1968 by Emmanuel Laroche, who identified as parts of a single clay tablet the three fragments catalogued by the field archaeologists as RS 15.30, 15.49, and 17.387. In Laroche's catalogue the hymns are designated h. (for "Hurrian") 2–17, 19–23, 25–6, 28, 30, along with smaller fragments RS. 19.164 ''g'', ''j'', ''n'', ''o'', ''p'', ''r'', ''t'', ''w'', ''x'', ''y'', ''aa'', and ''gg''. The complete hymn is h.6 in this list.〔Emmanuel Laroche, ''Le palais royal d' Ugarit'' 3: Textes accadiens et hourrites des archives Est, Ouest et centrales, 2 vols., edited by Jean Nougayrol, Georges Boyer, Emmanuel Laroche, and Claude-Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer, 1:327–35 and 2: plates cviii–cix (Paris: C. Klincksieck, 1955):; "Documents en langue houritte provenent de Ras Shamra", in ''Ugaritica 5: Nouveaux textes accadiens, hourrites et ugaritiques des archives et bibliothèques privées d'Ugarit'', edited by Claude-Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer and Jean Nougayrol, 462–96. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique / Institut français d'archéologie de Beyrouth 80; Mission de Ras Shamra 16 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale P. Geuthner; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1968). In the latter, the transcribed text of h.6 is on p. 463, with the cuneiform text reproduced on p. 487.〕 A revised text of h.6 was published in 1975.〔Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz, "Kollationen zum Musiktext aus Ugarit", ''Ugarit-Forschungen'' 7 (1975): 521–22.〕 The tablet h.6 contains the lyrics for a hymn to Nikkal, a Semitic goddess of orchards, and instructions for a singer accompanied by a nine-stringed ''sammûm'', a type of harp or, much more likely, a lyre.〔M() L() West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", ''Music and Letters'' 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 166.〕 One or more of the tablets also contains instructions for tuning the harp.〔Anon., "(The Oldest Song in the World )" (Amaranth Publishing, 2006). (Accessed 12 January 2011).〕 The Hurrian hymn pre-dates several other surviving early works of music, e.g., the Seikilos epitaph and the Delphic Hymns, by a millennium, but its transcription remains controversial. A reconstruction by Marcelle Duchesne-Guillemin may be heard at the (Urkesh webpage ), though this is only one of at least five "rival decipherments of the notation, each yielding entirely different results".〔M() L() West, "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts", ''Music and Letters'' 75, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–79, citation on 161. In addition to West and Duchesne-Guillemin ("Les problèmes de la notation hourrite", ''Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale'' 69, no. 2 (1975): 159–73; "Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite", ''Revue de Musicologie'' 66, no. 1 (1980): 5–26; ''A Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: The Discovery of Mesopotamian Music'', Sources from the ancient near east, vol. 2, fasc. 2. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications, 1984. ISBN 0-89003-158-4), competitors include Hans Gütterbock, "Musical Notation in Ugarit", ''Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale'' 64, no. 1 (1970): 45–52; Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, "The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association'' 115, no. 2 (April 1971): 131–49; Kilmer, "The Cult Song with Music from Ancient Ugarit: Another Interpretation", ''Revue d'Assyriologie'' 68 (1974): 69–82); Kilmer, with Richard L. Crocker and Robert R. Brown, ''Sounds from Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music'' (Berkeley: Bit Enki Publications, 1976; includes LP record, Bit Enki Records BTNK 101, reissued () as CD); Kilmer, "Musik, A: philologisch", ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie'' 8, edited by Dietz Otto Edzard (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1997), 463–82, ISBN 3-11-014809-9; David Wulstan, "The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp", ''Iraq'' 30 (1968): 215–28; Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", ''Music and Letters'' 52 (1971): 365–82; and Raoul Gregory Vitale, "La Musique suméro-accadienne: gamme et notation musicale", ''Ugarit-Forschungen'' 14 (1982): 241–63.〕 The tablet is in the collection of the National Museum of Damascus. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hurrian songs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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